Michael Harshaw 1807 -1876 Life in America

The Harshaw family from a small rural farm in Ireland began the hard work of creating a new life in rural Pennsylvania. In the few years after the reunion of the family, they were able to acquire for the first time good land which they actually owned. By the time the 1830 census was taken, the family was settled in West Salem Township, Mercer County, with Sarah buying the farm there just 3 years later.

Michael however wasn't listed with the rest of the family. He had moved on to fulfill his lifelong dream to acquire an education. He was living in Jamestown Pennsylvania, attending the Gamble Academic Institution. It must have been very difficult for a man already in his 20s to be attending classes with students much younger than he. Classes cost $4 a quarter. He had to work to earn the money for his educationm and support himself while he was studying.

Sometime in the 1830s, Michael completed his studies in Jamestown. By that time, there was a new university in Pittsburgh. He applied and was accepted. Pittsburgh was a growing industrial hub with smokestacks hurling black dust into the air, making breathing difficult, and layering black dust over all surfaces. It was a far cry from the lovely green valleys of Ireland. But there he could find work and continue his education. He was able to get a job at a local rock quarry where he could support himself while he studied. The owner allowed him to fit his work schedule to his college one, as he had become a trained blaster working on the Erie Canal. He blasted rock and then removed it in wheelbarrows for use in the building of the new city.

The Western University building was located in a section of the town where a number of Irish immigrants lived. Michael came to know a young seamstress who had immigrated to America with her mother from County Antrim in Ireland, Margaret McCloskey. The two Irish newcomers certainly shared their fond memories of their home country and in the process fell in love.

The young couple was in no position to marry for a long time. Michael did well in college, and decided that he wanted to study for the ministry. When he completed his college education, he was taken as a student by the Rev. John Black. By the time Michael was ordained in 1838, he could read the Bible in both Greek and Hebrew.

Rev. John Black 
1768-1849

Despite the large number of Irish immigrants, there weren't enough churches for Michael to have a settled parish. Instead the Presbytery of Western Pennsylvania offered him a position as itinerant preacher. Members of the Covenanter Church in Pittsburgh raised the money to buy him a good gray horse, with saddle and saddlebags, ready to take Michael into the wilderness.

Itinerant Preacher

First he rode west through Ohio and Indiana, before turning south.   His territory would be through the southern states west of the Alleghenies. For several years Michael traveled the small back roads of Kentucky and Tennessee, riding as far south as Alabama. He would stay for a few weeks in small towns and then move on.

There was considerable personal risk involved for any man on a nice horse to be riding alone in wilderness areas. One night, he came upon a new cabin in a very remote area. He dismounted and knocked on the door. A rather fearsome looking woman responded, and seemed most reluctant to admit the stranger. When the husband returned from work, Michael was even more concerned. The husband more resembled an outlaw that hard working farmer.

Still the couple invited Michael to share their supper of mush and milk. When they had eaten, the man began to fumble in his pocket. Michael feared that he was reaching for a knife. But instead he pulled our a Bible from his pocket and asked Michael to read for them.  Michael was only too happy to oblige.

Finally Michael rode north and crossed the Ohio River in southern Illinois. A few miles north there was a new settlement of families that had moved out of Abbeyville, South Carolina to avoid slavery. Michael may well have known about this settlement, as they were Irish families that had been part of the emigration from Ireland led by Rev. William Martin. Rev. Martin was the first minister of the Covenanter Church in Kellswater, Country Antrim, which was the church attended by the woman Michael intended to marry.

There was already a Reformed Presbyterian Church in Eden Il. But these Irish immigrants had come from the more conservative branch of the religion. And so did Michael. This flat land was nothing like the rolling hills of Michael's native Armagh, but the land was rich and easy to farm. Eden was already a growing community, so Michael would live in an area with many more amenities that many of the others he had visited in his travels. And there was no slavery, something Michael and his fellow Irish considered evil.

Michael took a good look around the area while he ministered to these farmers. Apparently, they found Michael's preaching and religious principles to their liking, as they issued a call for him to become the minister of the church they intended to build. Michael accepted the call and returned to Pittsburgh to prepare for his new life in Illinois.

The first thing Michael did was to propose to  the young Irish girl he had met while he was attending college there. The ceremony took place on Dec. 27, 1842. Finally, at the age of 35, Michael had achieved the place in life that he could only dream of in Ireland.

Michael and Margaret circa 1850

The young couple packed up their few possessions, loaded them on a barge and let the current of the Ohio River bring them to their destination. There was much to be done when Michael and Margaret arrived in Eden Illinois. Members of the congregation helped acquire 150 acres, the first plot of land Michael had ever owned,  Michael build a log cabin in what would become Cutler, Illinois. Then he and his congregation set about building a simple church in which to worship. They built the church in a lovely grove of trees on the highest point of land in the area. They called it the Mound Church.

For all of his life, Michael was a farmer as well as a minister. He would work through the week just as his neighbors did, with the added responsibility to minister to the sick and dying. As he worked, he certainly thought about what he would say to his congregation on Sunday. Covenanters dedicated the entire Sabbath to church lessons and sermons. They would come in the morning in their wagons, When the morning service was concluded, they would eat the lunches they had prepared the day before and brought with them. After they had eaten, afternoon services would begin.

This new life must have seemed the culmination of an impossible dream to Michael. He owned land, had a congregation of his own, a home, however humble, and a new wife. After 36 years of endless work and study. Michael had reached his goals, and could look forward to a life of achievement, happiness and service.

Michael Harshaw > William Roseborough Harshaw > Harold McCloskey Harshaw > Marjorie Harshaw (Robie)

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to be continued )

Michael Harshaw 1807 -1876

Ireland was home for Michael for the first 17 years of his life.

Baptism Record for Michael

County Down Near Harshaw Farm?

He was born in the townland of Ballydogherty, Loughgilly Parish, County Armagh, the son of Andrew Harshaw and Sarah Henry. When he was born in 1807, he had 4 older brothers, Andrew, Joseph, Henry, and David. The family lived in a small house several hundred yards down a long lane from Ballydogherty Road.

Possible Harshaw House, Ballydogherty Road

Life was good for this red haired Irish boy for the first years of his life. English rule had been made less difficult for Irish citizens by English need for Irish farm produce. After years of war with France, Irish farm prices, and rents rose sharply. Finally farmers like Andrew had some extra money that allowed them to indulge in such luxuries as a table and chairs, more beds for the children.

Two more children had joined the Harshaw family, William and Sarahm before the war ended in 1815. Hard times had begun for Michael and his family two years earlier when Andrew died.  He was buried in the Presbyterian Church at Tyrone's Ditches, which he had helped found.

The older boys were expected to manage the farm work. Though Michael was only 6 years old when his father died, he was expected to carry an increasing workload as he grew older. Economic necessity made Michael's great yearning for an education,, an impossible dream.

The family managed to cope with the hardships of Andrew's loss. But when the English war ended in 1815, a terrible depression hit Ireland. Crop prices fell, but rents remained at wartime levels. Twice a year, in May and November, all lease holders like the Harshaws, had to appear before the land owner or his agent to pay the rent. Often families like the Harshaws went hungry in order to save enough to pay the rent.

All across Ulster, families began to auction off their leases to get enough money to travel to Canada or the United States. When word came back to Ireland that they had found land in the remote parts of the county, more families joined their friends and families in America. The Harshaws of Loughgilly were one of those who reluctantly made the decision to leave Ireland.

But first, they had to have enough money to pay for passage. Apparently, the Harshaws sold a pig to get ticket money. By this time in 1824, Michael had become a very strong young man. The family decided that he could find a job that would pay enough to help bring the rest of the family to America. But rather than travel alone, it was decided that his older brotherAndrew would go with him.

Usually such partings were permanent. But when Michael set out down the lane with a small satchel and a blanket, he had hopes that he might see his family again in America. They were depending on him to earn enough money to make sure that this reunion took place.

Michael and Andrew walked through Newry and on toward Warrenpoint where the ship was waiting to depart on the first proper tide. He tried to memorize Ireland as he walked, for he knew he would never see the land he loved again.

Warrenpoint was the shipping center for the area. It was possible to travel directly to Canada from there.  The last view of home for Michael was of the mountains of Mourne and Carlingford,

as the brig sailed down the lough toward the Irish Sea.

Carlingford Lough

Brig

The passage to Canada was a stormy and long one. Michael was grateful for the extra bag of oatmeal his mother had packed in his bag. So when he first saw land birds and knew that land was near, he was very glad. As the ship sailed down the St. Lawrence River, Michael could compare the land of Canada with the land of home. He first set foot in his new land in the city of Quebec. The city was cramped into a narrow strip of land between the river and the cliffs.

Smaller steamers sailed up and down the river every day between Montreal and Quebec. Michael and Andrew quickly boarded one for the next stage of their trip. They needed to get to their destination before they had no money left. From Montreal, they set out by boat and on foot to reach Lewiston, near Buffalo. There they hoped to find work on the Erie Canal.

Many Irish immigrants had been working for several years to build this canal across the state of New York. The last segment was under construction, In order to raise the boats to the level of Lake Erie, a series of locks were being constructed over the Niagara Escarpment.

Both Harshaws were immediately hired for this challenging project. Men working on the canal signed contracts to work for 80 cents a day, plus all the whiskey they could drink. This was twice the average wage paid at that time.

Michael didn't drink, so this part of his pay was of no use to him. Living conditions were harsh. The men were fed substantial meals, but they lived in wooden sheds that moved with the workers as the canal building progressed. Each man slept of a bare plank of a double decker bed. There was no glass in the windows to protect them from the winter which was colder than any Michael had ever known, or screens to keep out the insects of summer. Still Michael was pleased to have work that would enable him to bring his family to America soon.

His fellow workers enjoyed consuming their whiskey in the evening. But Michael did not drink, and his sober presence made them uncomfortable. So a group of the Irish workers decided to force Michael to join them in their drunken rowdiness. Michael saw the group coming for him, and figured out what they intended. Michael stood almost 6 feet tall, and was strong from years of hard work. He didn't intend to go down without a fight. The leader of the group was a small and stocky Scotsman. Michael walked out to meet the mob. He grabbed the leader by the back of the neck and the seat of his pants, raised him over his head and dropped him to the ground behind him.

Michael's actions knocked the wind out of the leader and his followers as well. They retreated and left Michael alone in his sobriety. This action caught the attention of the supervisors. His whiskey allowance was converted to cash. Michael found himself making the grand wage of $1 a day. Perhaps this was also the reason why Michael was entrusted with the dangerous work of blasting the rock wall to make the lock construction possible. Such dangerous work would command extra money. Michael was undoubtedly pleased to be making such high wages, and viewed the danger as worth the risk.

The Erie Canal opened in the fall of 1825. It was time for the rest of the family to come to America. When they safely arrived, the reunited family left New York and headed to Western Pennsylvania where Michael's uncle William and family already had acquired their own land. Now, it was the hope of Michael's family that they would be able to create a farm of their own too.

Michael Harshaw > William Roseborough Harshaw > Harold McCloskey Harshaw > Marjorie Harshaw (Robie)

(To be continued.)

Martha McAntier (McIntire) 1733? - 1785(?)

Early in the 1700s, many citizens of Ireland found their rents greatly increased when the leases they had held for generations ran out. Rather than pay these exorbitant rents, many decided to emigrate to America where they could own their own land. They risked the dangers of an ocean crossing, and the hardship of creating a new home in a wilderness. But undaunted, they headed west.

Often friends and neighbors emigrated in groups together. One such group lived in the rolling hills of Dromore, County Down in the northern part of the country. When they landed in Philadelphia, the government of the Penn family welcomed them and granted them land in a wilderness beyond the neat houses and fertile fields near the border with Maryland.

Previously, the pioneers moving into this new area were Mennonites and Quakers. The government feared that these pacifist people wouldn't fight incursions across the border from Catholic Maryland. They knew the Irish would. So the Dromore immigrants were granted land, and immediately moved across the settled parts of the state into the wilderness. In 1729, this new territory became the new county of Lancaster.

Pennsylvania

The Dromore immigrants found this new land rich for farming, and set about creating new homes in their new land. They named their new town, Drumore to honor and remember their own native home in Ireland. It was here in Drumore that Martha McAntier was born around 1733. For her, this new land would always be home.

The names of her parents has been lost. But she was certainly born in a log cabin, the creation of which was one of the first imperatives for the immigrants. The Irish homes were built on the tops of the rolling hills, as the timber was less dense there, and they could view the lovely rolling land that they actually owned.

Pennsylvania Log Cabin

In order to clear land, and keep the family fed, clothed and sheltered, everyone had to work, even children barely able to walk. Easy jobs like gathering acorns every fall in the woods to feed the pigs were assigned her. The Irish stocked their farms in a careful sequence. First were oxen and horses to make clearing their fields possible. Then they bought cows and sheep. Finally hogs were added to the family livestock. The fact that the McAntiers had already acquired pigs is probably proof that the newcomers had in a few short years been able to establish themselves in their new country.

A.rustic log cabin provided Martha's first home. Within a few years, the McAntiers build a new house of stone. This was the home that Martha would remember.

Robert Fulton House, Near the Black Farm

Religion was an important part of the lives of these Presbyterian families. The people of Drumore built their first church at a place called Chestnut Level. Every Sunday, families would gather there, bundled up against the  cold to attend services that often lasted for several hours.

There were dangers in this new land as well. The local Indians were peaceful, but the raiders from Maryland were not. Lord Baltimore who owned Maryland and the Penn family of Pennsylvania fought over a strip of land that both colonies claimed. When Martha was still a child, Lord Baltimore send a raider into the territory to take money from the new settlers, Lord Baltimore viewed this money as taxes, but the Irish settlers saw the intrusion as a theft. When the dispute was finally settled, the Irish families were safely settled in Pennsylvania, just a short distance from the new border. which would later become the Mason and Dixon line.

Map of Area Disputed in Cresap's War

Martha knew nothing of Ireland. But her life in the new country would be much like that of her parents in the old one. Women were expected to work incredibly hard. When she was still young, Martha was taught to make clothes from the flax they grew on their farm and the fleece from their home flocks of sheep. She wore linen clothes in the summer, wool in the winter. Beyond management of the home, Martha often had to help in the fields to when the her father and the older boys were hunting, When the hunt was successful, Martha joined in cleaning the carcass  and preserving food for use in the winter. In the Irish culture, only men had time to sit about the fire and chat over an evening smoke.

Life didn't change too much for Martha when she married Moses Black. Even bearing children provided little time for rest. Martha and Moses's first child was a boy they named Aaron who was born in 1752. Martha had 6 more children, Margaret in 1754, Jean in the same year, Hugh in 1759, Moses in 1762, Martha in 1765 and Mary in 1767. Before the children were grown, Hugh and Martha could look with satisfaction on clear fields, neatly bounded by split rail fences. Barns and outbuildings surrounded their neat stone house.

Modern Landscape Near Black Farm

Early the year after Mary was born, Martha endured a great personal and financial loss. Moses died on March 8, 1768. Fortunately, Aaron was old enough to assume the work that Moses had done. Margaret and Jean were old enough to help Martha manage her work.

Martha soon met a new immigrant from Ireland, James Laird soon became her second husband She had one last child with her second husband, a son named James in 1771.

This child was not full grown when Martha herself died at the age of 52. When Martha died, the farm that she and Moses had created from a wilderness totalled 200 acres. Hopefully, they were very proud.

Martha McAntier (Black) .Aaron Black > Moses Black > Elizabeth Black (Rippey) > Ada Rippey (Harshaw) > Harold McCloskey Harshaw > Marjorie Harshaw (Robie)

Thomas McDowell 1832(?) to 1912

Thomas was born on a farm probably located in the Townland of Drumnagoon, Seagoe Parish,  County Armagh, Ireland to Andrew and Sarah McDowell. The land that Andrew leased was good farmland, not far from the town of Portadown where they could market their produce.

The exact year of his birth is unknown. But life was difficult when he was born and didn't improve as he grew up. Farming was an exhausting occupation before the invention of farm machinery. Thomas would have been expected to help in the fields when he was still a child. Crop yields were frequently greatly reduced by blights, and bad weather.  As American farmers developed new lands and increased exports, crop prices in Ireland fell. Still, Andrew remained successful enough to keep his hold on the land.

To make matters more difficult, religious confrontations between Protestants and Catholics had been raging across Armagh for over 4 decades. In 1795, Protestants had established a military force called the Orange Order to protect Protestants from bands of Catholics, and threaten them into submission. When the British Parliament banned the organization in 1835, Armagh Protestants took their army underground. Thomas was too young to understand what was going on. But when Parliament allowed the Order to resume in 1845, Thomas  certainly happily joined the group.

These problems were part of everyday life for Thomas as he grew older. The bright spot of his early life was the ascension of Victoria to the throne of England in 1837, Grand illuminations and fireworks were greeted with great joy by rich and poor alike.

Armagh was the birth place of the Orange Order, a society of Protestants whose annual marches were designed to intimidate the Catholic population and remind them of their inferiority. Thomas's family were Presbyterians, many of whom joined the Orange Order with great enthusiasm.  While the Order had been abolished when Thomas was young, it was reactivated in 1845. It is most likely that young Thomas joined the Order with great enthusiasm.

The reactivation of the Orange Order wasn't the only earth shaking event in the life of young Thomas. Just a few months after the rebirth of the Orange Order, the potato crops in Ireland were struck with a deadly new virus. Potatoes that were healthy when sun set, were black and rotten the next morning when the sun rose. Since millions of Irish depended on the potato as their only source of food, starvation swept across Ireland.

The Ejectment (of Tenants)

Without crops to plant and huge new taxes to pay, many previously comfortable farmers like Thomas's father, joined the ranks of the farm laborers or became paupers. Fortunately, Andrew's family possessed sufficient resources to avoid this fate. But with few jobs available in Ireland, the English Army saw the famine as an opportunity to entice the Irish to join the British army as an alternative to starvation in Ireland. Recruiters set up stations in the major towns. With Ireland in such terrible difficulties, service in the British army seemed like a positive step and great adventure for supporters of British actions in Ireland like Thomas. So,Thomas decided to enlist probably during the years the famine killed millions of his fellow citizens. At least in the British army, he would not starve.

Private and Officer--1855 British Army

There is no record of where his service in the Army took him. But during his years of service, British soldiers fought the Crimean War and put down the bloody Indian Mutiny. Since Irish members of the British Army were considered expendable, they often served in the front lines of  the most dangerous battles.

If Thomas saw action in deadly battles, he was able to survive them. Thomas had been in the army for about 20 years when he was posted in the 1860s to Halifax, Nova Scotia. British troops were assigned there in part to ensure that the union of Canada in 1867 went smoothly.

This was a most pleasant posting for Thomas. It was there that he met a young woman named Margaret Young, a native of Cape Breton Island, who had moved to Halifax. The young woman seemed attracted to the older soldier, and on March 3, 1869, they were married.

Perhaps at this time, Thomas was reassigned, as there is no record of the couple for several years. By 1875, Thomas had returned to Halifax, for that was where their first recorded child, James, was born. Thomas and Margaret had 4 other sons, Thomas, William, Andrew and Charles. Andrew lived two years and then disappeared from the records.

After he left the Army, Thomas had a series of jobs, sometimes working as a truckman, sometimes as a common laborer. He and Margaret and the children were able to rent a nice home at 4 Hollis Street in Halifax. This was only one block up from the docks where work would have been plentiful.  When he was too old for physical work, he became a sexton at St. Matthews Presbyterian Church where the family had long been members.




4 Hollis Street is now 1234 Hollis.

St. Mathews United Church Today

Anti Irish feeling was prevalent in Canada. So Thomas made sure that everyone thought he came from Scotland. This was an easy deception. His name, his service in the British army and his ability to play the bagpipes made his claim of nationality seemed very logical. But the anti Catholic hatred he learned in Ireland was still obvious. He used to march to church on Sunday mornings past a Catholic convent. He would play the pipes as loudly as he could to make sure his children weren't contaminated by the sound of Catholic music.

Sadly for Thomas and Margaret, the children began to leave Canada for the United States and the city of Boston. Thomas went first in the 1890s. Charles, the youngest joined him there in time to appear in the 1900 census. When William left a few years later, the oldest son James and his wife Julia, stayed in Halifax to care for his aging parents.

Thomas and Margaret continued to live on Hollis Street, and James and his family lived on the other side of the two family house. Thomas was still alive on 1912, when news of the sinking of the Titanic captivated the world. Halifax was the nearest major port to the site of the sinking, so ships immediately left to help rescue any survivors or retrieve the bodies.

Dead from the Titanic on Halifax Docks

This was the last major event of Thomas's life. An attack of gastro enteritis swept him away after just a week's illness on May 15, 1912.  Thomas was buried in Camp Hill Cemetery, an ocean away from the green hills of Ireland where he was born. Margaret lived another 8 yeas before she too died and was buried with Thomas in Camp Hill Cemetery.



Camp Hill Cemetery, Halifax, Nova Scotia





Thomas McDowell > Charles McDowell > Dorothy McDowell (Robie) > Eugene D. Robie